The Percentage Of Public Elementary And Secondary School...

A statement of the problem The percentage of public elementary and secondary school students in the United States who were identified as English language learners (ELL) in the 1999-2000 school year was 6.7% of the total school population (U.S. Department of Education, 2000). The increase is in mainly in the Hispanic subpopulation and Hispanic students traditionally perform poorly on national assessments. The No Child Left Behind legislation requires that â€Å"all children will have a fair, equal, and significant opportunity to receive a high-quality education and reach, at a minimum, proficiency† on standardized assessments (Section 1001, p. 15). As ELL student populations increase so does the pressure on teachers and schools to increase the numbers of ELL students who meet state-governed reading proficiency levels. A review of the literature The researchers’ in this study conclude that ELL students participating in secondary-tier interventions using curricula with a direct instruction approach and delivered in small groups presented greater outcomes in student progress on DIBELS assessments and for the Woodcock Reading Mastery test. The researchers cite other reading studies that have used these same assessment methods as giving validity to their use. Their study outcomes further suggest that direct instruction using evidence-based reading practice in small groups of 3-5 students is a teaching method that should be employed by teachers of ELL students in order to increaseShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Indiana Content Standard For District Level Educators810 Words   |  4 Pages Title 1 Funding Mr. Katz failed to recognize the importance of Indiana Content Standard for District Level Educators 5.5: â€Å"Ensuring all students full and equitable access to educational programs, curricula, and available supports,† as he has proposed to transfer Title 1 dollars to the Katz Program. The Katz Program focuses on students in Kindergarten who have not been identified as needing additional accommodations through the child find process. This neglects to fulfill the corporation’s responsibilityRead MoreThe Importance Of Indiana Content Standard For District Level Educators806 Words   |  4 PagesMr. Katz failed to recognize the importance of Indiana Content Standard for District Level Educators 5.5: â€Å"Ensuring all students full and equitable access to educational programs, curricula, and available supports,† as he has proposed to transfer Title 1 dollars to the Katz Program. The Katz Program focuses on students in Kindergarten who have not been identifie d as needing additional accommodations through the child find process. This neglects to fulfill the corporation’s responsibility to useRead MoreNclb Thesis800 Words   |  4 Pagesthe No Child Left Behind Act, failing the hopes of students and their families. When the NCLB Act was signed into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, it was supposed to represent a new beginning in providing quality school education to young people who come from low-income families and who have special needs. Its purpose was to close the achievement gap between groups of students in elementary and high schools. However, many school districts across the country are still having difficultiesRead MorePrivate Schools Vs. Private School Education Essay1746 Words   |  7 Pageshave to decide is if they want their child to go to public or private school. Another thing to consider is, which type of school will provide the best education for their child. However, only some families ha ve this choice, and others don’t. Families that aren’t financially stable might not be able to afford a private school education, even if that’s what they would prefer for their children. From previous experience, I feel as though private schools provide a better education. I do not feel it isRead MoreConnecticut Case Study876 Words   |  4 Pagesdescribes the adjusted cohort graduation rate for public high school students in 2014-15 was 83% nationwide. Connecticut outperforms the national average at 87% (National Center for Education Statistics, 2017). Academically, Connecticut still has an achievement gap, despite court ordered Sheff v. O’Neill ruling requiring integration. Black and Hispanic students adjusted cohort graduation rate was 78% and 75% respectively, while 93% of White students graduated (National Center for Education StatisticsRead MoreLeft Behind Effects1578 Words   |  7 PagesChanges on School Forever: Impact of No Child Left Behind The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was â€Å"a United States Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. This act was created to close the achievement gap with accountability, flexibility, and choice, so that no child is left behind.† NCLB â€Å"is a federal law that mandates a number of programs aimed at improving U.S. education in elementary, middle, and high schools by increasingRead MoreThe Tucson Unified School District Essay925 Words   |  4 PagesMexican-American studies in schools (Planas, 2015, p. 1). Not only have the schools in Arizona suffered from this discriminatory law, but also the advancement of Mexican-American students. This essay will briefly go over the Tucson Unified School District, the district in the midst of the controversy, and will mainly focus on Pueblo Magnet High School, one of the schools in the Tucson Unified School District that was greatly affected by the ethnic studies law. Pueblo Magnet High School History AccordingRead MoreNo Child Left Behind Act Essay1166 Words   |  5 Pagessigned into law by President George W. Bush on January 8, 2002, is a comprehensive overhaul of the federal governments requirements of state and local education systems (www.nclb.gov). It reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 and replaces the 1994 Improving Americas Schools Act. 2. General Background Information President Bush has made education his number one domestic priority (www.ed.gov). On January 23, 2001 he sent his NCLB plan for comprehensive education reform toRead MoreThe No Child Left Behind Act Essay2157 Words   |  9 Pagesholding schools accountable for the academic progress of all students. The implication here is that the No Child Left Behind Act focused primarily on states and schools, so as to boost the performance of different groups of students as a way of fulfilling their education rights. The primary agencies associated with the implementation and benefits offered under the policy are federal government, states and schools. They are encouraged to work as a team, so as to effectively ascertain that students areRead MoreReading Instruction For English Language Learners1012 Words   |  5 PagesCulpepper, M., Walton, C. (2007). Secondary-Tier Intervention Use of Evidence-Based, Small-Group Reading Instruction for English Language Learners in Elementary. Learning Disability Quarterly, 2007 30:153, pp 153-168. doi: 10.2307/30035561. A statement of the problem The percentage of public elementary and secondary school students in the United States who were identified as English language learners (ELL) in the 1999-2000 school year was 6.7% of the total school population (U.S. Department of Education

Hispanics And Whites Communication Patterns - 1271 Words

Hispanics and Whites Communication Patterns Communication involves more than exchanging words between people. Gestures, postures, facial expressions and even eye contacts are important during communication. Both verbal and nonverbal cues are important during communication and can help a person understand the speaker or listener’s emotions, attitudes or status. Understanding the existence of various cultures is necessary since different cultures have varying ways of communication (Lustig Koester, 2012). Therefore, a communication style that is perceived as bad by a culture may be good in another culture. Besides, characteristics that may be essential for a particular culture may be quite irrelevant for another. In line with this dissimilarity, individuals need to adapt carefully and understand communication preferences and desires among cultures. The harmony of the existing cultures is crucial for the survival and success of any communication and ignoring these aspects may challenge the communication. For example, speaking to employees in Middle East is quite different from Switzerland; talking about personal things is acceptable by Swiss. Individuals who move to other countries unprepared for cultural differences may face unpleasant frustration when communicating. However, those who try to learn other cultures are likely to avoid individual tragedies. For example, Americans doing business in Mexico need to learn the local language to enhance interactions with the locals.Show MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Math Data On District And School Levels1268 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents. At the district and school levels white students outperformed all subgroups. In the case of Blacks, the state percentage of student mastery for Whites was doubled than that for Blacks across all grade bands. ELL and Special Education students across a ll grade levels had stable and low performance. In addition, the state data revealed a downward then upward trend in the percentage of student mastery from one grade level to the next. This pattern is also true for each subgroup. ThereRead MoreEnvironmental Influences On Childhood Obesity1717 Words   |  7 PagesCultural beliefs and practices related to food and feeding vary among ethnic groups, and these differences may contribute to different patterns of obesity in children and youth, related to their ethnicity. As described in the epidemiological overview show higher than average obesity prevalence in non-Hispanic, black and Mexican American children compared to non-Hispanic white children at most ages. In boys excess obesity ages 2 through 11 compared to girls ages 6 through 19. (Kumanyika 61-70) EnvironmentalRead MoreVulnerable Population - Hispanic Children Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesVulnerable Population - Hispanic Children Young Hispanic children experience multiple disparities in health status, insurance coverage, barriers to healthcare access and the quality of health care received. There have been multiple studies that have researched racial/ethnic disparities among adults, however few studies have examined the racial/ethnic disparities in the health care of children. The United States is experiencing a demographic surge in minority children, particularly among the youngestRead MoreEconomic Disparities Of The United States1176 Words   |  5 Pagesregional economic patterns. Location factors play a large role in regional economic patterns. These factors explain why certain economic activity is located in that particular region. Manufacturing giants in the Midwest and Megalopolis were created because they were close to natural resources. They created hubs of manufacturing with the increasing in connectivity. â€Å"Connectivity is how well different locations became linked with one another through improved transportation and communications network.† (RowntreeRead MoreMulticultural Health Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagescultures will be given and recommendations will be given for future research. The promotion of health has been primarily a White middle-class phenomenon (Gottlieb and Green, 1987). It is critical that minority groups are included in preventive care, particularly because racial/ethnic minority group members are likely to suffer from higher mortality and morbidity than are White Americans. Although some differences in health status observed across groups can be directly attributed to characteristicRead More Spanish Language Metaphors Essay714 Words   |  3 Pagesof meaning and language use and context), and phonetics (study of human speech sounds) all play an important part in everyday life. These have a major impact in understanding the intent of what is spoken or heard. Due to the importance of communication, literary elements such as metaphors (which are defined as a figure of speech in which a word or phrase literally denoting one kind of object or idea that is used in place of another to suggest a likeness between them), takes on greater culturalRead MoreTranscultural Nursing : An Essential Aspect Of Healthcare Today1174 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation, or one out of every three persons in the United States (U.S.), is comprised of various ethnicities other than non-Hispanic Whites. This statistic highlights that the U.S. has a significant multicultural popu lation today. Additionally, the U.S. Department of Commerce (2000) projects a steadily growing population of persons from ethnicities other than non-Hispanic Whites, comprising 50% of the whole population by 2050. Yet, while the U.S. population continues to rapidly grow in diversity, nursesRead MoreFamily and Substance Abuse Paper1230 Words   |  5 Pagesabuser and family members. When the abuser is an adolescent, the program may need consent from the adolescent before communicating with the parent, whether the communication is over the course of counseling or a one time communication (TIP 31). Both drugs and alcohol affects both sides because an addiction will create problems with communication. When one seeks help for his or her addiction, the entire family should be involved if possible for a successful outcome. Within in this paper, one will locateRead MoreBreaking the Glass Ceiling for Minority Women1125 Words   |  5 Pagestrouble is that many of these obstacles continue day-to-day out in plain view and yet largely unseen. The term for these apparent but invisible obstacles is the glass ceiling, a force which stands between the advancement of minority women and their white, male cou nterparts. The discussion hereafter considers this ethical issue from both a cognitive and an affective standpoint, drawing views from standards of ethical decision making in the counseling profession. Response: In spite of progress madeRead MoreA Report On The Program s Goal994 Words   |  4 Pageswere polled who had completed their high school degree or more education, were 87%. Twenty percent of singles polled had received a bachelor’s degree or more (Census, 2015). Minorities (African-American, Hispanic, Asians and other ethnic groups) composed 23% of the unmarried population, while whites, composed the other 77%. Economically there are roughly 56 million unmarried American workers, which compose 40% of the work force (Unmarried Equality, 2013). United States Census estimates that the population

Labpaq Scientific Method Essay - 1164 Words

The Scientific Method Portland Community College Staff* Version 42-0207-00-01 Lab RepoRt assistant This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor. obseRvations Data Table 1: Making Observations | Procedure†¦show more content†¦The pieces were clearer and sharper looking than the original rock salt. 2. Describe the initial observations made when several drops of water were added to few particles rock salt and the observations made several minutes later. Initially, the rock salt partially dissolved in the drops of water. After several minutes, the salt was more dissolved, but had not completely dissolved. There were very fine grains of salt that were visible at the base of the water bubble that hadn’t dissolved. 3. In light of these observations, what can be concluded about salt? Salt can be broken down and dissolved by water, but not in high concentrations. C. Do all the grains of sand look like they are made out of the same material? No. 1. Propose a hypothesis to explain the observed appearance of sand. Sand is a conglomeration of rocks and stones that have been broken down into sediments. 2. Describe what was initially observed when several drops of water were added to several grains of sand and the observations made several minutes later. Initially, when water was added to sand, the sand was unchanged. After several minutes, the sand continued to appear unchanged. 3. In light of these observations, what can be concluded about sand? Sand cannot be dissolved into water. D. The water and oil acted differently on the reaction surface. Propose a hypothesis that explains the different behavior ofShow MoreRelatedEssay scientific method1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿LAB 1 – THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD *Adapted from LabPaq CK-GCC Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to learn about and use the Scientific Method. The discussion of physical properties such as density, color, texture, smell, and solubility will take place. Observations and Experimental Data: Table 1: Making Observations Procedure Observation A. Torn paper Vertical tear: easier to tear, more visible fibers, more jagged edges and uneven tear. Horizontal tear: harder to tearRead MoreEssay Laboratory: Left-handedness and Experiment2540 Words   |  11 PagesCollege Science MajorFirst Semester COPY OR SAVE TO A WORD PROCESSING PROGRAM to fill out and hand in to your instructor Name:: October 4, 2012 On which page of the complete LabPaq manual does The Cycle of Scientific Inquiry figure appear? Answer: Page 3 LABORATORY 1 Work Area:Research and The Scientific Method Exercise 1-1: The Dominant Thumb Experiment: Results: During the background examination of the literature, what was discovered about what is already known concerning thisRead MorePolitical Science Essay18429 Words   |  74 PagesBiology LabPaq / Published by: Hands-On Labs, Inc. sales@HOLscience.com / www.HOLscience.com / Toll Free 866.206.0773 A laboratory Manual of Small-Scale Experiments for the independent Study of general Biology 50-0053-BK-02 LabPaq ® is a registered trademark of Hands-On Labs, Inc. (HOL). The LabPaq referenced in this manual is produced by Hands-On Labs, Inc. which holds and reserves all copyrights on experiences. The laboratory manual included with a LabPaq is intended for the sole useRead MoreEssay about Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems7868 Words   |  32 Pagesstarches, and lipids; to identify the roles of molecular components in living systems; to comprehend the value of using a systematic approach to research; and to describe why hypotheses, controls, standards, and quality control are important in scientific research (Vorndam, 2002, p. 92). Basic Chemistry for Investigating Living Systems Abstract The purpose of this experiment was to explain how colorimetry can be used to qualitatively detect cellular chemical components; to chemically differentiate

Analysis Of Heidi s The Great Gatsby - 2003 Words

Heidi s tragic side is fully revealed in this entire speech where humor and drama are perfectly blended to emphasize her moment of realization. She becomes a diminished character who no longer knows who she is and decides to leave New York to sort out her future. Like a true dark comedy protagonist, she is vulnerable and has lost control. She realizes her downfalls and the comedy lies in the superiority felt by the spectator due to man s delight in man s inhumanity to man (Capp 220). In the area of humanness, Heidi may not be ordinary, but can still be considered an everywoman for her generation. She is looking for fulfillment, a universal desire shared by women of all generations trying to balance personal dreams with societal expectations. The illusion of who she longs to be is overshadowed by her need to laugh off the heartaches and mask her true identity. She attempts to cover the duller elements of her personality and never turns to a higher power for assistance, as is character istic of a dark comic protagonist. Her speech in Act II referenced above shows signs of a dark comic protagonist who clears his throats and scratches her nose (Styan, The Dark 275). She will never emerge as a hero, or as Guthke s tenet suggests, be able to clear her pain-stricken conscience (162). She attempts to do so by adopting a baby, however, but it is clear to the spectator that the question of happiness will remain unanswered for Heidi: SCOOP. But now. Right now.

Mobile Networks The New Norm For Networks - 1416 Words

Latest trends such as mobiles, IT-as-a-Service, Server Virtualization and the requirement to respond rapidly to developing business conditions are placing demands on the network, which cannot be handled by today’s conventional network architectures. Software-Defined Networking proposes new approach to avoid the traditional vertically integrated networking stack in order to improve the present basic network architecture by improving architectural flexibility and manageability. SDN enables â€Å"mass customization† of network operations to better support differentiated services. With this technology a single program can control the behavior of entire networks. Networking in future will rely completely on software, which will help increase the†¦show more content†¦All these transformation of high level policies into low level configuration commands with adaption to changing network conditions is done manually. Frequently, they likewise need to finish these exceptionally perplexing errands with access to extremely constrained instruments. As a result, system administration and execution tuning is very testing and subsequently slip inclined. The way that system gadgets are generally vertically-coordinated secret elements worsens the test system administrators and chairmen face. An alternate practically unsurmountable test system professionals furthermore analysts face has been alluded to as Internet ossiï ¬ cation. Due to its tremendous organization base and the actuality it is viewed as a major aspect of our societies critical infrastructure (much the same as transportation and force frameworks), the Internet has gotten to be greatly difï ¬ cult to develop both as far as its physical framework and in addition its conventions and execution. Then again, as present and rising Internet applications and administrations get to be progressively more unpredictable and requesting, it is basic that the Internet have the capacity to advance to address these new difficult. The thought of programmable networks has been proposed as an approach to encourage system development. Specifically, Software Deï ¬ ned Networking (SDN) is another systems administration ideal

The War Of The Vietnam War - 886 Words

American soldiers arrived in My Lai on March 16, 1968. These soldiers were members of the Charlie Company, which was a division within the army. The Charlie Company had been in Vietnam a few months before they were called to My Lai. Americans were fighting against North Vietnam alongside South Vietnam. â€Å"They (Charlie Company) were on a search and destroy mission to root out 48th Viet Cong Battalion thought to be in the area† (AE Networks). The Charlie Company encountered numerous amount of innocent inhabitants when they arrived at My Lai. These inhabitants, however, suffered a tragic event that was called the My Lai Massacre. â€Å"The unit met no resistance in My Lai (†¦..) they only found villagers eating breakfast. Nevertheless, over the next 3 hours they killed as many as 504 Vietnamese civilians† (Digital History). The civilians that were killed ranged from children all the way to senior citizens. Other forms of torture were involved as well. â€Å"Vietnamese women were raped; other civilians were clubbed and stabbed. Some victims were mutilated with the signature â€Å"C Company† carved into the chest† (Digital History). â€Å"Lieutenant William L. Calley was reported to have dragged dozens of people, including young children, into a ditch before executing them with a machine gun† (AE Networks). There were other reports of soldiers testifying the horrific things they did to civilians. What could have driven American soldiers to commit such a devastating massacre? â€Å"CaptainShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1475 Words   |  6 Pageson one such event, the Vietnam War, came from entertainment-based programs and the play Miss Saigon. Despite heavy coverage in such well-known comedic films as Forrest Gump and Good Morning Vietnam, the true events were anything but a laugh for those involved. In spite of the relative recentness of the events in Vietnam, many of todayâ€⠄¢s youths know little about the topic. The events in Vietnam raise the ever-present question on the ethics of third party involvement in a war otherwise unrelated toRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1729 Words   |  7 Pagesspread of communism all around the world. This is what lead to the gruesome war that lasted over a decade in Vietnam. A great deal of social changed happened all over the world, but particularly in America as the Vietnam War dragged on. As people became more aware of the atrocities going on in Southeast Asia, the endless domestic support turned into widespread explosive protest. During the first few years of the Vietnam conflict, Americans full heartedly supported the United States and its governmentRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1379 Words   |  6 Pagestensions over the Vietnam war caused many americans to become divided on the actions taken by the government across seas. Americans questioned whether the government could be trusted. The feeling of betrayal and government secrecy created the â€Å"Credibility Gap,† in which many americans believed that the government no longer was for the people, but for anything else that would benefit the government. The Vietnam War exacerbated the gap between the pro-war traditionalists and anti-war liberals along withRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1430 Words   |  6 Pagesended in 1989, the Vietnam war is still being fought, but on a different battlefield, one of public opinion. Some call this war an atrocity, a war the United States should never have joined. Others call it a crime, committed by the power hungry politicians of the U.S. Now that new information from both sides of the war has surfaced and the wounds of battle have had more time to heal there is yet another opinion emerging. The Vietnam War was in fact only one of many proxy wars fought under the umbrellaRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Vietnam War cost many Americans their lives in the 60s and 70s. Many were drafted into the war by choice and others selectively chosen to join to help America. The contributions made had a major impact on the American side of the Vietnam War. Though many contributions were made none stand out any more than others. It is sometimes said there is always a hero in the war who helped the victory. Wars, however, do not have war heroes because a hero is making an undeniable contribution to the war andRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1592 Words   |  7 PagesThe Vietnam War was said to be one of the most significant wars in the twentieth century. This w ar took place from November 1, 1955 to April 30, 1975. It was at the time, the longest war in American history. Much of the conflict was centered in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. During that time, approximately 58,219 US troops were killed in action. The reason America got involved in the Vietnam War was to stop the spread of communism in South East Asia and beyond. â€Å"America’s involvement in Vietnam derivedRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1204 Words   |  5 Pagesus†¦ When that is the way you are, how do you conduct your life?† The Vietnam War killed over fifty eight thousand Americans and over 61% of the men killed were 21 years or younger. Most Americans are conflicted with the fact whether the Anti War Movement played a factor in prolonging the Vietnamese War. â€Å"In every story there are two sides and in between lies the truth.† Anonymous The United States become involved in Vietnam after the French withdrew when the Republican President Dwight EisenhowerRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War877 Words   |  4 PagesAnother big difference in this war was that the Vietnam War was had more disapproval and was more expressive within the American public, unlike the Korean War. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT started in the 1960s this group was never enacted until this era. There was not a group like this in Vietnam, but there were many groups that opposed the war. The main object of these revolts was the American military presence in Indochina. The ANITWAR MOVEMENT caused an influence not only socially, but also in the realmRead MoreThe War Of The Vietnam War1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn July and August of 1972, Jane Fonda made radio broadcasts from Hanoi that changed the way Americans thought of the Vietnam war and of her. To this day, many people view her as a traitor and criticise her actions in Vietnam; however, some people we re truly inspired by her words and what she had to say. Despite people s personal opinions, Fonda was a powerful speaker and knew how to convey her message to her audience. She tried to convince people that the American government and military were the

Construction Of The Fundamental Principles -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Construction Of The Fundamental Principles? Answer: Introducation The employers generally provide the fringe benefits to their employees apart from the salaries and wages. In accordance with the FBTAA 1986, this is can be notified that the relation between the employee and employer is necessary for receiving the benefits (Sikka, 2017). This relation between among two individual enables the utilization of provision under FBTAA 1986 for determining the tax obligations for both the individuals (employee and employers). As discussed in section 7 of the Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 if the benefit provided by a company is a car then this will be constituted as the car fringe benefit (Mellon, 2016). This act highlights this fact that providing a car to an employee or providing the car with lease management, this case will be resulting into the car fringe benefit tax for the employee. According to the elaboration of the fringe benefits, this is clear that if the employee uses the car for his personal usages instead of the private purposes then also this will be considered as the fringe benefit for the purpose of taxation. There are specifically two significant methods for determining the assessable value for car fringe benefits. These two methods include the statutory formulation methodology and operating cost methodology. In case of this statutory methodology the considered assessable amount within the fringe benefit is calculated by the value of the whole car. In addition to this, section 10A and 10 B of the FBTAA 1986 is considered as associated with the assessable value of the car fringe benefit in case of the operating cost method (Sharkey Murray, 2016). According to the operating cost method, this involves the administration of the car and also determines the assessable income of involved within the fringe benefits. One of the important fact involved within these methods are the method, which is identified for lowest assessable value for the fringe benefit, is considered for calculation of fringe benefit tax. For using the operating cost method, the employee will require the maintenance of the expenditure involved in case of the logbook or any related document. Case facts: The case study incurs this fact that he is the employee of Shiny Homes Pty Ltd., which provides him with a car. This car is allowed for personal as well private usages of Charlie. In observance with section, 7 of the Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 all the benefits provided to Charlie in the form of car will be included in car fringe benefit and will also be calculated for taxation (Robin, 2017). For determining the assessable value of the car fringe benefit of Charlie both the methods are applied namely the Statutory Method and Operating Cost Method. In case of the statutory method, the statutory rate of 20% is applied for determining the fringe benefits involved within Charlies case here. The statutory rate for of 20% is generally multiplied with the base value for the car in order to ascertain the assessable value of the fringe benefit. The degree of private utilization made by the employer is not taken in case of determining the assessable value related to the fringe benefit involved within the statutory Method. On the other hand, in case of the operating cost method, the total amount for the operating cost involved in administration of the car is segregated within separation for the personal along with the private usages of the car. This helps in determining the assessable value for the fringe benefit while calculating the taxation for the particular car. Therefore, the calculation showed below highlights the Statutory Method as well as Operating Cost Method; Operating Cost Method: In contrast with the section 11 (1) the deemed depreciation is highlighted by employing he Statutory rate of 25%. In contrast with the section 11 (2) the considered deemed interest is calculated by employing the Statutory rate of 5.65% for the year 2016/17. As discussed in the figures for statutory method the assessable amount of the fringe benefit related to the car is lower than the operating cost method introduced. So as a result, the assessable value for the car fringe benefit under this method should be taken for calculating the tax. In addition to this, Charlie used the car as Shine Homes has hired that for providing him facilities while Charlies wedding as well as honeymoon. Therefore, in consideration with 39A of the Fringe Benefit Tax Assessment Act 1986 the car parking fringe benefit is originated if the car is parked at the premises that is owned or leased by Shine Homes. In the present scenario, Charlie used a separate entity for parking the car this does not result into the fringe benefit for the car. The current situation highlights that Alan is a locum doctor while his wife is a part time accountant. They decide to change tree by selling off their house in Melbourne and purchasing a new home in Central Victoria. Alan generates his income from the fees received by his patients while Betty earns income from her salaries. In compliance with the provision of section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997, income that are derived directly from the profession or business would be considered assessable. Similarly, the income of Alan and Betty would be considered for tax (Braverman et al., 2014). The situation from the case study provides that Alan is well known among his clients and Alan regularly from his patients receives foodstuffs and cakes that are regarded as the sign of gratitude. In addition to the foodstuff, Alan also charges fees from his clients for the treatment imparted. The receipt of fees from his clients would be subjected to income tax while the foodstuff and cakes cannot be considered assessable since these elements does not have any commercial value in the market. Once it was noticed that Alan received a dozen bottles of wine from one of his client as he saved his client dog from a snakebite. The wine bottles received by Alan carried market value of $360. Therefore, the receipt of wine by Alan from his client would be included into his taxable income because it contained commercial value and will be liable for income under the provision of section 6-5 of the ITAA 1997 (Hodgson Pearce, 2015). In accordance with the taxation ruling of TR 97/11, a determination is made whether the person is engaged in the activities of primary production or hobby. The ruling is helpful in providing an understanding of an individual indulgence in business or hobby (Black, 2017). To differentiate between hobby and business, the below listed differences provides a better understanding; Activities that comprises of the sale of goods commercial will be held as business. Hobby involves sale among friends and relatives. Business generally consists of repetition of activities. Hobby does not any such regularity or repetition of activities. Business activities generally comprises of purpose or intention while hobby does not have any such purpose or intention of executing business activities. The activities of business are generally big in magnitude. Hobby is generally small in extent and scale. The characteristics of an activity or the intent of an individual helps in ascertaining whether the person is carrying on a business or hobby. As held in the case of Ferguson v F C of Taxation (1979) amount derived from hobby is an income whereas yielding profit from those hobby is regarded as carrying on of a business (Kaplan Nadler, 2015). The case study introduces that Betty started making marmalade that became well known among her neighbours. This made her open a stall and put up her marmalade on sale during second Sunday of each month. Alan sold the additional or the leftover amount to the local supplier frequently. According to the decision of commissioner in Martin v. FC of T (1953), no form of sole actions would be capable of interpreting an exclusive indication and contained overlapping indicators (Miller Oats, 2016). In the current situation of Alan and Betty, the activities contained the purpose of profit and had regularity. As a result, the selling of marmalade is regarded as business activities and profit generated from such business would be considered for assessment of tax. As it has been defined by the ATO, any form of transactions that arises from the barter system shall be accompanying income tax consequences and GST. The transactions from the barter system will be treated equivalent to the transactions of cash and credit. It is noteworthy to denote that Subsection 25 (1) of the ITAA 1936 defines that earnings generated from the barter system would be accompanying tax consequences (Stiglitz, Rosengard, 2015). The federal court in the case of Federal Commissioner. Of T. v. Cooke Sherden 1980 stated that income that is earned from the barter system would be considered for assessment since they are considered equivalent to cash and credit dealings (Barkoczy, 2016). 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