Ceceros on moral duty Essay

Man is endowed with reason where unlike animals, he is able to understand how things come about, and be able to interpret how causes relate to the effects. From there, the man will be able to draw conclusion and relate the current and the future appropriately. In most cases man will try to look for a truth and the necessary changes in life to adapt with the situation. It is no doubt that man has a feeling for order, politeness and moderation in life. It is because of this that moral goodness is worth all respect and by all means, we appropriately maintain it. The moral right emanate from the four sources. These sources include; Its concern with the full development of the true intelligent, its concern about the conservation of the organized society, its greatness ant power of a dignified and unbeatable spirit, or its concern with the orderliness and the moderation of all that is said and done. Clearly, one is able to observe the real truth in any given sources, and when he can detect and explain the reasons behind it then he will be able to wisely understand it The other virtues, is set to provide and maintain such things where the practical business of life relied on such that there will be conservation of the relation between man to man in the society. In that case the dignity of man will be improved to help them increase their superiority to these things. However, the orderly behavior and the self control have their sphere in the section of things where a certain amount of physical effort is required. For example, if we develop a certain amount of propriety and order to the daily activities the moral rectitude and the moral dignity will be conserved. The interest of the society should be best conserved, and kindness be shown to every person in relation to the proximity of his relationship. However, it is important to trace back into their eventual sources that nature has established among men. The first principle is found in the connection between members of the human race, and the bond of connection is reason and speech which through the process educating reasoning associate men and unite them together.

Dystopian Societies-1984 vs Fahrenheit 451

Dystopian Visions An imaginative society consisting of oppressive squalor in which all are heavily restricted by the absolute superiority of the ruling party. A society where repression and restrictions seem boundless, while the individual liberty of the citizen seems boundlessly obstructed. A society where mental deprivation and deception is the goal of the guardian; a society where misery and poverty are thrust upon the unsuspectingly loyal citizens; a society where the well- being of the people are of imperceptible acknowledgement, yet its inhabitants have been manipulated into perceiving such as utopian. Contrary to their deceit induced perceptions, these characteristics are quite the opposite of utopian, they are dystopian! Many authors portray their own vision of a dystopia through novels. Two highly intriguing dystopian novels are George Orwell’s, â€Å"1984,† and Ray Bradbury’s, â€Å"Fahrenheit 451. † Their visions were strikingly similar as the themes were both based on totalitarian governments maintaining control through propaganda and mental/social deprivation (mostly corporate and bureaucratic controls, although technological control was utilized). The protagonists find themselves in almost identical situations, for they have become enlightened of the misery, sacrifice, and evil that their society possesses. But they must conceal their knowledge, leaving them trapped, although they could not keep it hidden forever. In both novels came the mental sheltering of the society to thwart contradicting or rebellious thought that would come with the enlightenment of the sacrifices the society was withstanding. This social and mental control would render the majority of society incapable of independent thought, allowing the injustices to proceed. Forced ignorance masked the evil the government had laid upon them and if one were to unveil the ignorance, they had to conceal it with their lives. In both novels, those who could not shield their enlightenment would fall victim to the strong and cunning police forces of the society. These forces would brutally murder and vanquish the existence of those free of the government’s mental sanitation. As shown by the â€Å"thought police† in â€Å"1984†. This shows the extent to which the extinction of information and individuality was pursued. Another shared characteristic, although much more obvious in â€Å"1984,† is the use of propaganda in manipulating the people. In ‘Fahrenheit 451,† the propaganda came in the form of death. They would publically kill those who disobeyed, just as you see in the end of movie when they murder â€Å"Montag†. In â€Å"1984,† the society was infested with â€Å"Big Brother† propaganda. With posters, â€Å"Two Minutes Hate†, inflated numbers, and constant reassurance of â€Å"Big Brother† being the flawless and great protector of everyone, they deceived the people. I would like to point out the fact that they didn’t share the same figurehead type worship. In â€Å"1984,† everything and everyone was focused and revolved around â€Å"Big Brother†, whereas in â€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† there wasn’t as much as the singular idol to worship and direct praise towards. These societies painted by Bradbury and Orwell both utilized mental and social hindrance, through strong regulations. This type of control is otherwise known as the bureaucratic control. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451† they put heavy restrictions on literature, and would incinerate all books they could locate. In â€Å"1984,† they were absolutely relentless with their regulations, even the wrong facial expression could get you killed. Corporate control was also highly utilized in these societies. Specifically, they would brainwash you as a daily routine called â€Å"Two Minutes Hate† in the, â€Å"1984,† novel. Here is an example of the Two Minute Hate’s effect on the people, â€Å"a desire to kill, to torture, to smash faces in with a sledge hammer, seemed to flow through the whole group of people like an electric current†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Orwell14). The government successfully manipulated the inhabitants into loving and feeling completely dependent to â€Å"Big Brother† and the government, while completely despising whoever â€Å"Big Brother† portrayed as the enemy. Big Brother† altered everything to make him seem absolutely flawless and created a false sense of superior and improving living conditions. All of this advertising and false media was not unique to, â€Å"1984,† though. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† the government would use the media to show the deaths of those who broke regulations in place. Technological control was a third control used, as Telescreen monitors were implanted everywhere in â€Å"1984,† to ensure complete surveillance to avoid any risk of conspiracies or deviation from their norms. In â€Å"Fahrenheit 451,† they had robotic dogs that could sniff out and locate any human needed. The protagonists in these novels, Montag and Winston, are both unique to their society for they had the power to unveil the mask of ignorance and be enlightened to the true colors of the society they lived in. They both felt trapped and desperately needed to escape or alter their society. The differences between them and the others are made even more apparent by their wives and how they end up feeling about them. Winston mentally nicknamed his wife, â€Å"the human sound track,† (Orwell66) during their relationship. This being very similar to Montag’s feeling towards his bland and uninteresting wife as well. They both are overwhelmed by the now painfully visible misery and evil their society consists of, but must protect such thoughts with their lives. A significant difference between the two characters is the fact that Guy Montag was successful with his attempt to better society, for his city was destroyed leaving it up to him and some others to rebuild society. This unlike Winston, who was captured, tortured, and then allowed back into society with a new conformist attitude. These novels are criticizing the paths and patterns that human governments tend to take. With governments concealing/censoring information from the people and corruption being so widespread and apparent; these authors are presenting a possible outcome of our chronic blunder. Orwell was even directly criticizing the rule of Stalin in his day and how horrible such a society is and can be. These societies reflect the negatives of our society in a bloated and extreme way and if these relevant evils are not eliminated, our society is at risk of being reduced to a dreaded dystopia.

The Art of Washing Dishes

Process Analysis: The Art of Washing Dishes Eibby Porras Hodges University ENG-0992 Professor Greg Durrschmidt July 9, 2012 Process Analysis: The Art of Washing Dishes My Aunt Grace taught me a very important lesson: the art of washing dishes. When I was eight years old, she invited me to her home for dinner. Afterwards, taking me to her modest kitchen, she asked me to help her wash dishes. She started by telling me the story of how she learned with my great grandmother and today was my opportunity to learn this splendid lesson.This method starts before getting to the sink at the dinning table, by dividing all dishes. At the sink, they are carefully washed with soap and water in a specific order. The process comes to an end by drying and putting everything away. Her rule was never leave dirty dishes over hour in the sink and even worst never leave them for the next day, because it was unhygienic. This of course was many years ago.This process starts at the dinning table; once everyon e has finished eating, they are excuse to leave the table. The first step is to clean all the dishes from leftovers; then the plates are arranged by dimension and they are piled up carefully without making a lot of noise, then all silverware is put together and finally glasses are picked up. Next, all dishes are taken to the sink; the amazing part is that no soaking is required because as soon as everyone is finished, dishes are washed.The next step is to put soap on a sponge and start washing first all glasses as a result; glasses will be free from stains and grease. Consequently, plates are washed with soap and water. Finally, all silverware is washed. All dishes are then rinsed off following the same order glasses, plates and silverware placing them on dish rack. Glasses need to be facing down, so that water runs down from the inside faster, plates are put vertically and silverware can be put vertically or horizontally.Back in the day there was not optional to leave dishes out to dry by them selves, dishes had to be dried with a towel and then placed back in the cabinet. In conclusion, I have to admit that being a housewife is not a easy job, personally I dislike doing dishes not matter which way they are done; oftentimes when I leave dishes overnight I wake up saying to myself Aunt Grace said do dishes within an hour. I reminisce and cherish that moment. It was a very special day.

Critical Analysis on Clinical Supervision in Schools

The purpose of this study is to present the definition of clinical supervision and some basic concepts that are currently being used in the clinical supervision of public schools today. By having a clearer understanding of these definitions and concepts, prospective supervisors in public education will be better equipped to do their jobs. A situation has occurred due to the ever-increasing demand for supervisors in public education today in which those entering supervisory positions may not be properly equipped to supervise. This is primarily due to the fact that they may not understand all that is expected of them. To use economic terminology, the â€Å"demand is exceeding the supply†. As a result, supervisors may be placed into supervisory positions without a clear understanding of some definitions and concepts which have come into the realm of education fairly recently. Supervisors cannot do their jobs effectively if they are not properly educated in the roles and responsibilities of the clinical supervisor. The following study may serve as a review of some current definitions and concepts. The earliest supervisors in America's schools were often nothing more than overly critical â€Å"snoops† whose main job was to find what a teacher was doing wrong and report it to the teacher's superiors. Today we refer to this type of supervisor as a â€Å"snoopervisor†. It was more likely that a teacher would receive a reprimand or dismissal as a result of those supervisory visits. The role of the school supervisor has changed drastically from the humble beginnings of America's schools. Our public school system has gone through many different stages of development. Likewise, our educational supervisors have evolved as well. Since our public school system has gone through so many changes, (and continues to do so), a clear understanding of the responsibilities of clinical supervision is needed in order to properly prepare those wishing to serve in that capacity. Today's supervisors must know what is expected of them and some of the more current methods and concepts being used in clinical supervision. The research information in this study is limited to the study of school supervisors in the public school system. This study focused on supervisors who oversee the grade levels of Kindergarten through the 12th grade of high school. This study does focus on supervisors of colleges or other secondary educational institutions although much of this information may apply in those areas as well. It is, therefore, the primary goal of this study to collect, compile, and organize information that will help to prepare those wishing to serve as school supervisors so that they may better understand some of the terminology and concepts in clinical supervision. One of the more common roles of today's school supervisor is that of providing teachers with the support they need to become better teachers. Today's supervisor must be a coach or mentor, a â€Å"teacher's teacher†, so to speak. Where supervisors once tore down teachers and criticized them, today they build up teachers and edify them. The first use of the term â€Å"clinical supervision† was in 1961 when Morris Cogan used it in a proposal entitled Case Studies and Research in Clinical Supervision at Harvard University. Cogan defined clinical supervision in the following way: â€Å"Clinical supervision may therefore be defined as the rationale and practice designed to improve the teacher's classroom performance. It takes its principal data from the events of the classroom. The analysis of these data and the relationship between teacher and supervisor form the basis of the program, procedures, and strategies designed to improve the student's learning by improving the teacher's classroom behavior.† From Cogan's definition of clinical supervision we can see that the emphasis is on improvement of the teacher's performance. This makes the role of today's supervisor more of a supportive role. With that definition in mind, how can supervisors help teachers to become better teachers? What can supervisors do to improve the educational system in which they work? In the following study are a few examples of contemporary practices and concepts being utilized today to answer those questions. First of all, supervisors are concerned with the quality of teachers they have in their school and school system. It is the job of supervisors to make sure that the teachers working in their school system are the best teachers possible, and that they are working to the best of their ability. Once teachers have been selected and hired, they must know that the supervisor is there to support them and help them to improve their teaching skills. In an article in Educational Digest, Thomas Harvey and Larry Frase put it this way: â€Å"Coaching is not an option for school leaders but a basic function, along with counseling, mentoring, tutoring, confronting, and supporting. All of these will increase the commitment to quality and productivity.† This simply means that supervisors must engage the teachers (as well as themselves) in a never-ending process of improvement. That means keeping up with current changes in teaching styles and curriculum. Supervisors must be willing to set an example for teachers by showing that they are also willing to make changes in the way that they do things. Now that we are in a new millenium in education we see the education system in a state of constant change. Everything we do changes regularly. Teaching styles, the equipment that we use in schools, and even the schools themselves continuously go through new stages of development. It is no longer acceptable to simply achieve and maintain a status quo. Supervisors must recognize this and always be ready to lead their teachers into the future and new ways of educating students. The first way supervisors must lead their teachers is to make sure that they are aware of the legal aspects of education. In a recent article in Education magazine the authors said, â€Å"First on the list of all things a beginning teacher must do is to learn the policies of the school system and local school. A teacher who is legally challenged by a parent will receive support from the board of education when the teacher's actions follow policy†. For this reason, supervisors should tell their beginning teachers that board policies and the school handbook are required reading. Once this has been concluded, supervisors can move on to the matter of teacher evaluation. One method being used by many supervisors to evaluate and support new teachers is the peer support method. This concept has been touted as a promising way to build a teacher's sense of professionalism. Margaret Johnson and Lucy Brown described one study in which teachers in a large elementary school with about 42 teachers were organized into collegial support teams (CSTs) to ,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦supervise their teaching performance and promote their professional growth.†. Many of the teachers involved in the study said that it created,†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦a â€Å"safe zone† in which they could admit shortcomings and work to improve their practice.†. This method follows the philosophy that the best people to evaluate the performance of teachers in a particular school system are other teachers in the same school system. This method is becoming very popular. Sometimes the path into the future of a school system may not be clear and narrow. There may be many different directions the supervisor may have to choose from. While discussing teachers who pursue positions in administration, Roberta Bernstein writes: â€Å"The position of curriculum developer requires working in teams and reporting to the central office. While following the directions of your superiors, you will also want to provide teachers with a curriculum that excites them. It's a balancing act.† Indeed, supervisors must often let their own preferences fall by the wayside in order to reach the compromise that is the best, overall solution for a situation. One driving motivator behind the decision-making process should always be â€Å"What is the best thing for the students?† The same thing holds true when evaluating teachers. Unfortunately, sometimes supervisors realize that a teacher just isn't performing at the minimal level necessary to remain in the system. Even after working very hard to help a teacher come up to the required standard of teaching to remain in their position, the supervisor asks â€Å"What is the best thing for the students?† and realizes that a replacement may be what is needed. There are many different reasons for teachers becoming marginal. In an article in Education Digest Don L. Fuhr identifies three categories of teachers who become â€Å"marginal†: â€Å"First is the helpless marginal teacher who doesn't grasp the basic techniques of effective teaching. It may be because of poor training or of good training never absorbed. Second is the teacher with a pressing personal problem, the more common ones being serious illness of a loved one, marital problems, or financial difficulties. The third and most difficult type is the hardheaded marginal teacher who has developed ‘an attitude'. † Regardless of the reason for a teacher becoming marginal, encouragement is the key to trying to help them improve. Supervisors must be willing to advise and help them. First, the teacher must be made aware of the specific problem. Then, a strategy can be developed for dealing with the problem. Sometimes, the best time for strategies to be developed is after a classroom observation. According to C.H. Van der Linde, â€Å"The follow-up discussion sometimes provides the most important situation for the collection of further data, because the teachers are now in a situation where they are able to explain their behavior.† Van der Linde goes on to say, â€Å"The teacher should be encouraged to give attention to both strong points and deficiencies. Remedies that are realistic should be discussed and steps to promote continuing professional growth should be outlined.† Some people, such as Francis Duffy, feel that we in education are going about staff development all wrong. Ms. Duffy says, † Even though we understand that school districts function essentially as systems, we persists in trying to improve schools one teacher at a time.† According to Ms. Duffy's Knowledge Work Supervision model, teaching would be improved by focusing on the performance of the entire school system rather than just individual teachers. One thing is certain, no matter what model of evaluation or development a supervisor uses, it is still inevitable to occasionally come across marginal teachers which fail to meet minimal standards no matter what the supervisor does to try to help them improve. One possible contributing factor to this situation is stress. Education, and particularly educational administration, are very high-stress professions. Clinical supervisors should encourage personal responsibility for stress management. Articulation of the expectation that individuals are to take the responsibility for control of their own stress levels also validates personal inclinations to do the same.

Great War Assignment

This letter collection tell us about their bittersweet personal love story. The collected letters from Murray are addressed to his fiance Margaret who he was engaged to be married to. The tone in his letters are affectionate and loving. In the letters, he refers to her as â€Å"dear girl†2 â€Å"Honey girl†3 or â€Å"Girlie†4, and often tells how much he † dream[s] of [the] days†5 that they had together. For Murray, the existence of his sweet fiance Margaret was probably an emotional support on the war front. Letters from her perhaps gave him sense of certainty about their delightful future that eased his loneliness.Wellington Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, June, 1917, WWW Collection, www. Contraindicates. Ca ! Elongation Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, 20 May, 1917, WWW Collection, ! Elongation ! Elongation ! Elongation Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, July, 1917, WWW Collection, Matura's 3 The contents of his letters ex tend from everyday life on the battlefield to discussion on their relationship. He did not tell Margaret about the detailed hardships or horrors he experienced on the battlefield; this is, probably, because he did not want to make her worried or scared of losing him.Instead of sounding so concerned, he tries to think of something pleasant; â€Å"Instead of coming home to you tonight dear (as we had figured) I come â€Å"home† to a tent and in place of having you pouring out my tea and passing me delicious cakes across a clean white table cloth I get a certain issue of tea in a mess tin and I eat bread and cheese seated on the grass. â€Å"6 In this note, Murray combines reality, nostalgia, and fantasy. Together, they work as an escapism for him. In his mind, the reality of the battlefield somehow exists in parallel to happy memories and a spotless dream image.As he sipped â€Å"tea in a mess in† and eats â€Å"bread and cheese on the grass† after his duty, he remembers of going to â€Å"picnic parties†7 with Margaret back in Canada. As for nostalgia, he flashes back to her gentle way when she would pour his tea and pass him the delicious cake she made. Then fantasy plays a role in the memory. The phrase â€Å"coming home to you† represents his dream future of being married to Margaret, and â€Å"a clean white table cloth† is one example of details in his idealistic image. His daydream alters bitter ! Elongation ! Wellington Matura's 4 reality; â€Å"a tent† into the dream home, â€Å"bread and cheese seated on the grass† to delicious cakes†, and a â€Å"mess tin† to † a clean white table cloth†, believe it or not. Writing a letter to his fiance provided Murray a comforting time that he can live apart from the reality for a little while. It perhaps was a escapism for him; however, he might not had been necessary wanted to escape from the reality he was placed. Regarding the discu ssion about their relationship, it seems like Murray was having a debate in his head whether if he should have gotten married before he left Canada.In the first letter in this collection, written on May 4th, 1917, he noted it was a good session not to be married; â€Å"Still we were wise that we did not marry, no matter what our hearts prompted. â€Å"8 Perhaps, Murray thought he was saving her from having to live a lonely life by choosing not to marry her. Thus, Margaret is not forced to wait for him to be back to Canada, in addition, she would have a better chance to be marrying to another man and not live a lonely life, when Murray does not survive the war.Despite the rational decision in the beginning, he started to have mixed feeling about it because he realizes how â€Å"my[his] love [towards Margaret] has matured. 9 On July 5th 1917, he admits that he â€Å"thought it would have been better to have married [with Margaret]†10 because she might find â€Å"someone els e to help you[her] ease the burden. † 1 1 Clearly, Murray was faced with a dilemma; he wanted to establish an unshakable ! Elongation Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, 4 May, 1917, WWW Collection, ! 9 ! Elongation ! Elongation Matura's 5 connection with Margaret but Just could not let her to live a lonely life if he could not manage to survive. Not a single letters from Murray suggests that he supported or liked the war although he rarely expressed his dissatisfaction towards the warfare he was involved in. On May 4th, 1917, he reassuringly wrote in the letter â€Å"I'm [ He is] not lonesome nor downhearted†12 but he also tells Margaret that he's thinking about â€Å"what[their happy marriage] might have been had[happened] [if] this war [did] not intervened†13 in the same letter.Murray said he is not downhearted to give her sense of safety about him at the war, however, at the same time, he did not hide frustration about the war holding them back from the happy marriage. About 2 months later, he expressed his personal reflection about the war n the letter: â€Å"We had thought to be living our lives together in piece F[f]ann. how fate plays tricks with human plans. â€Å"14 Murray was amazed how the war derailed his future plans they had in mind in such an unpredictable way.As suggested in the beginning, he was an implement dealer not a career soldier; and, he probably had never thought he'd be a soldier nor supported the war. Everything 112 ! Littleton ! Eliminating ! 14 ! Elongation Matura's 6 that seemed to be real and going smoothly sank out of his sight, then his life changed dramatically. The war relocated him in a grim battlefield in an unknown country. There is no doubt that Murray was excited about what the future holds for him and Margaret.Perhaps, he tried the very best he could to survive on the battlefield, so that he can be back to his â€Å"Honey Girl†1 aback in the country. The following shows how he ended t he letter written on the letter written on July 7th, 1918; â€Å"The way you showed yourself so all mine honey girl is one of the sacred memories I have taken to France †¦ L loved you with my whole heart†¦ N[n]owe kisses and all love and honor to the mother of our children. Your faithfully Murray'16. This quote shows Murray strong love towards Margaret and it also his want to settle down and raise a family.The ending of the letter â€Å"all love and honor to the mother of our children† shows his idealistic perspective about domestic pleasure as a father and husband. This specific written on July 7th, 1918 is interesting because Murray strong feeling as never before is enclosed into the writing. Perhaps, he was afraid if he can survive as the war went on for a long time, so he tried to convince himself to live by feeling hopeful about the future. Sadly, Murray could not raise a loving family with Margaret as he desired, more pathetic still, he was killed in action o n August 9th, 1918.On November 1 lath same year, only three months later his death, the WWW ended. II 51 Elongation ! Eliminating Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, 7 July, 1918, WWW Collection, Matura's 7 After his death in France, many letters from family and friends were delivered to Margaret but not from her fiancee anymore. It seems her family and friends were teary about Murray death, at the same time, also trying to cheer her up: Oh Margaret I hardly know what to write but I want you to feel you have my sympathy despite my own feelings as yet it seems impossible to realize the truth.I have had no further correspondence but seen his dear name in the list†¦ Yours affectionately Murray Mother†17 † You know How Sorry I am for you I cannot tell you You will Just know and I know how Brave you are going to be†¦ Heaps of Love Sorrowing P[? ]e† â€Å"Only today did I hear of your great sorrow,When any one I love is in sorrow it makes my heart ache O h Dear†¦ Lovingly Elsie†18 Many of her friends and family almost immediately wrote to Margaret when they eared the sad news. This shows how much Murray was loved by people around him and the strength of their bond between family and friends.The letters were filled with thoughtful expressions of sympathy. However, it also sounded like they got used to write letter of sympathy on the death on young soldiers as there were many killed and wounded soldiers; â€Å"This is a sad time for the Wellington Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, 4 September , 1918, WWW Collection, www. Contraindicates. Ca Wellington Murray Dennis and Margaret Munroe letter, 7 September , 1918, WWW Matura's 8 people of Canada such long lists of killed & wounded coming in every day' 19.Some of the letters praised his braveness fighting his last breath for the war effort: â€Å"l know you will be proud as we are for the one who is so grand for he is not dead but sleepers†¦ Your loving niece Ge orgia†20 â€Å"Mingled with your sorrow there must – be a feeling of pride that your friend gave his life for such a noble cause†¦ Yours sincerely Ethel Radcliff†21 It appears people who lived during WWW considered being sacrificed for the war is noble and honorable. This is a twisted convention because what Murray wanted on the battlefield is to being back home and live in piece with Margaret.Battles fought, invented efficient weapons, numbers of soldiers killed or treaty that ended everything after such turbulence; those are the â€Å"facts† I learned in history or social classes. Reading the letter collection of Murray expanded brought me a different perspective to wars. Wars are not only about those â€Å"facts† and their cause and effect; there are plethora of personal stories behind them. Murray was a soldiers but, at the same time, he was young. He had a bright future ahead of him, and it has just started to shape itself.There is no reas on for me to demur at this statement. But then, there are wars still going on around the world. I wonder why, after 14 years from the beginning on 21st century, violence is still used as a last resort. I wonder if there is such a thing as ending of the use of violence. I was grown in Japan where all children receive peace education, and always thought, as a child, starting a war had disappear from options. It is sad that there are parts in the world where people are forced to live under the tension and straining situations.

Community Meeting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Community Meeting - Essay Example The youth group holds its meetings every Sunday evening, according to Bob. To start off the meeting, they engage themselves in activities such as flag football, basketball, soccer, and Frisbee. Such playtime activities enable the new group members to intermingle easily with the ‘old guard.’ The members of the group are drawn from various neighborhoods and they range in age from 10-16 years. Such neighborhoods include Germantown, Manayunk, Lafayette Hill, and Mt. Airy. After they have known each other, the group members congregate in the church basement for announcements. These were done by Bob. He also introduced new members to the group, and also led everyone in a group song which is preceded by group worship and prayer. The members were then separated into two groups by the assistant youth group leader. They were separated into middle school and high school. They had snacks, which were provided by the parish, after which they set out for a discussion about contemporary world events and issues. The high school students discussed the Bombings in Boston. Bob announced that arrangements were underway for the church to make a summer trip. The ministry youth group had been slotted for a trip to Central, PA, where a Christian rock festival was going to be held. The festival was dubbed ‘Creation.’ It was explained to the groups, by Bob, that the festival would be like Woodstock, although with daily speakers and all the songs being Christian rock music. The church, as it was announced, would be sponsoring two car-washing events, one to be held in May and the other in June, in a bid to raise adequate finances to fund the trips so as to reduce the amount that each of the members was supposed to contribute.

Race and Your Community Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Race and Your Community - Research Paper Example I am an Afro-American, living in a White dominated community in Maryland, US and can vouch from personal experience that the racial discrimination is still very much in vogue, though in a more subtle form! In the community I am living, there are overt and covert means of racial discriminations. There is distinct air of superiority displayed by white members. There are two Churches and blacks are discouraged to attend the Sunday congregation in the Church where the white members go. Once, when I was new to the area and had inadvertently attended the Sunday mass in their church, I could sense the displeasure in their stiff faces and silent stares that had made me very uncomfortable. I had later realized that the Sunday mass was conspicuous in its absence of any black church goer, barring myself, of course. Afterwards, I was subtly informed by the white priest that it would be better for me to go to the other church where I would be able to find more ‘friends’. Maryland has a long history of racial intolerance but after getting educated and gainfully employed, I was fairly certain that the old prejudices against the blacks would have considerably reduced. But living in the present community which has people coming from diverse background but still dominated by white population, was an eye-opener. Few of the Asians and Hispanics, who were my neighbors, were also wary of displaying any open friendly gestures. Though, they talked and were not averse to be helpful when I needed something, they did not come forward to make friends with me, on their own. They had probably been fed erroneous information about us from the white leaders of the community. It has been about a year since I have moved in this area. Two major and many minor religious festivals and occasions have passed. The various community based functions, rallies and charity walks were held during the period. In all those occasions, no invitations for participation

Community Events in Houston Texas Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Community Events in Houston Texas - Assignment Example Firstly it commemorates the important battle that led to independence and such helping to bring the people of Texas together in the spirit of patriotism. Through the participation, I was able to learn important historical lessons preserved in the museum and now understand how valuable this is. Secondly, the San Jacinto Independence Fun Run/Walk is an important unifying event for the people regardless of their religious affiliations. People come together as brothers and sisters and more importantly as united Texans and therefore appreciate the priceless benefits of religious tolerance. It fosters tolerance among the people of Texas and respect for the religious diversity among the state. The museum has a lot of historical literature with important lessons on the freedom of individuals, mutualism, tolerance, and friendship. We learn the importance of having friendships between countries and states across the word as well as individuals. We are able to appreciate diversity, respect divergent opinions and uphold fundamental freedoms as anchored in the constitution of America. The even, therefore, teaches a lot of values and helps people appreciate them in their daily coexistence. Another valuable event I attended is the Texas Independence Celebrations which took place on the 28th of February and 1st of March. This is also an annual event bringing together all Texans whether born or adopted. The venue is Brazos State Historic Site (90minutes from Houston) which is the particular spot from where the state of Texas was declared independent. Delegates met here in the year 1836 and made the brave declaration of Texas’ independent from Mexico. Participants get to enjoy live music, historical presentations, sample traditional crafts and are addressed by Governor Dan Patrick.

What Is Globalization Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What Is Globalization - Research Proposal Example    Another word for globalization is an exchange. For the most part, the recent form and development of the world can be attributed to globalization because the technological advancement has happened as a result of the very exchange of resources and services among countries. While there are several features of globalization related to different aspects including economic, social, and political, yet â€Å"where it has had a most telling impact is in major and dramatic increases in global trade and exchanges in an open, integrated and borderless international environment† (Pere). Globalization has particularly increased as a result of the advent of the Internet. The Internet has allowed people to socialize with one another, make friends, and exchange ideas and opinions without being limited by the geographic boundaries. Globalization has played a very important role in the exchange of talent across the nations. These days, the Internet is used to recruit talented people from all over the world. â€Å"Globalization has changed us into a company that searches the world, not just to sell or to the source, but to find intellectual capital - the worlds best talents and greatest ideas† (Welch cited in Kulkarni). Employers use social networking sites like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn to learn more about the candidates they are considering hiring. Positive effects of globalization include increased knowledge of world cultures; increased understanding of the norms and values, trends and traditions of different people; economic strengthening and development of the underdeveloped countries.

Favorite ad of yours Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Favorite ad of yours - Essay Example Finally, the husband drops out of the car and fetches the family their favorite, delicious, warm and tender Kentucky Fried Chicken. Then the characters of the family are shown eating drumsticks as they drive the rest of their way out of the jungle. The objective of the ad was to tell that Kentucky Fried Chicken is something that can be enjoyed on a long drive. The theme was perfectly consistent with the editorial environment. The narrator covered the whole story in the song and the verses were quite poetic and meaningful. As said before, the ad was based on cartoons, so there was no real personality. The cartoons suited best to the melody of the ad. I particularly noticed that the luminosity in the ad was quite inconsistent with the night shown in the ad. Overall, the deliciousness of Kentucky Fried Chicken was advertised very beautifully. I often eat Kentucky Fried Chicken. In fact, it is my favorite fast food restaurant. Besides, the ad did a good job persuading me to immediately g o to Kentucky Fried Chicken the very first time I saw it.

Judaism - Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Judaism - Reflection Paper - Essay Example My community is frequently among the communities that are not driven by such forces. That is the Judaism Community. I therefore feel under no obligation to compare the gender assumption in my religion and community against any particular prejudiced social standard. Let Judaism rise or fall on its assumption regarding the roles played by men and women. It would be very painless pointing a finger to a Muslim and declare that women have little or no role in the religion and even words from their Holy Quran prohibits women from getting involved from achieving particular theological standards. But on the other side, women from the Muslim religion can also point to the Judaism religion and claim the same inferiority complex. As much as some religions may claim to be modernized, in Catholic faith the pope and his entire clergy has never agreed women to serve as priests. How then will women have any success when it comes to religious factors? Undeniably, Jewish custom and religion revolves around the synagogues, and this is then a fact that gender assumption is unequally played well. If the laws and rules are to be followed regarding the position of Men and women in the society then, Judaism women would ever remain voiceless. It would therefore be my suggestion that, a swift amendment be done on Judaism theological and religion literature, relative to all that is demanded in both old and New Testament bible. The synagogue where laws and rules concerning the way of living for the community signify just a tiny fraction of what Judaism pertains! There is a dire need to go beyond that and have vast knowledge concerning the lives of people and whether its theology, religion or the modern factors that should dictate their way of

LGBTQ and public schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

LGBTQ and public schools - Essay Example According to the Code of Ethics of National Association of Social Workers (2008), a social worker ought to distinguish him or herself by exhibiting high code of conduct in terms of respect, discrimination, and social and political action. Through these codes, the social worker is seen as a representative of his or her client by ensuring social justice and enhancing social change with and on behalf of their clients (Schmidt, 2005). These definitions about social work and the social worker speaks for its self as to what should be the role of the social worker in the given scenario and case. It can therefore be emphasized that the transgender student and the school environment constitute a society (Looney, 2002. p. 12). The role and functioning of social work, therefore, come into the scene as much as the responsibility of the social worker. This is a responsibility that the social worker must play and play effectively to ensure that the transgender student is accommodated well in the school and that she is put in a position to adequately use personal abilities, which are her skills and knowledge, in a well harnessed manner to achieve her goals in life. Given the fact that the transgender student is going to be the first of that kind in the school and the fact that students and other stakeholders in the school have not had any previous experience of accommodating such transgender students and integrating with them, the best way to offer support to assist the successful transition and integration of the student into the school is to use a psychological approach (Transitional Roadmap, 2012). Meanwhile, it has been said also that the physical aspects of transitional gender are easier to deal with as against the psychological, as the physical aspects are easily seen and can thus be solved easily (Henderson, 2003, p. 140). What this means is that if the psychological component of the present situation is handled, more than half of the problem will be solved. In

English research paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

English research paper - Essay Example The California Supreme Court is scheduled to decide early next year whether or not to invalidate the state’s ban of gay marriage which voters approved via Proposition 22 in 2000. This paper will more closely examine the benefits denied gay couples in most states as well as the political, legal, moral and societal implications involved with the issue. As people are becoming better informed about the issue, more are accepting, if not the lifestyle, the right for gays to be married. The argument proposed by the opponents of gay marriage is that the U.S. Constitution guarantees a republican form of government in which elected officials are intended to set social policy for the nation. Legislators do this by representing their constituent’s moral views when drafting laws. Because the Constitution bars the intertwining of state and religion, the only method of ensuring that moral and ethical codes are enforced throughout society is through acts of legislation. When courts determine morality issues, they counteract legislation meant to protect the moral fabric of society and break down the constitutionally guaranteed separation of powers within the government. â€Å"When judges erode the power of the people’s representatives to set society’s moral compass, they likewise undercut the authority of parents, schools, and other community groups to set the standards they would like to see their children and fellow citizens live by. Indeed, it is a f rontal assault on community values writ large† (Raul, 2003). The government was originally formed as an entity meant to champion the rights of the individual whether they are on the majority or minority side of public opinion. Laws that were enacted in the South disallowed the marriage between black and white people but were struck down by the Supreme Court. In 1964, the Civil Rights Act followed the tenets of the Constitution by prohibiting this type of discrimination.

Developing Performance and Career Management in Talent Management Essay

Developing Performance and Career Management in Talent Management - Essay Example Performance examination serves to rate the performance of the employees and assess their commitment towards the organizational objectives. Assuming that the methodology of performance evaluations is formal and legitimately organized, it helps the employees to obviously comprehend their parts and obligations and provide guidance to the singular's performance. It serves to arrange the distinct performances with the organizational objectives and likewise supervise their performance. Performance appraisal takes into account the past performance of the employees and focuses on the improvement of the future performance of the employees. Performance appraisal is a piece of vocation advancement. The most recent mantra being emulated by associations over the planet being – "get paid as per your performance" – the center of the associations is turning to performance management and particularly to singular performance. Performance appraisal serves to rate the performance of the em ployees and assess their commitment towards the organizational objectives. ... Performance appraisal is likewise nearly joined to other HR courses of action like serves to recognize the preparation and improvement needs, advancements, downgrades, changes in the recompense and so on. A sentiment imparted in a positive way heads off far to rouse the employees and serves to recognize singular profession developmental arrangements. In light of the assessment, employees can advance their profession objectives, accomplish new levels of capabilities and outline their vocation movement. Performance appraisal sways employees to strengthen their qualities and beat their shortcomings. Career development is the amassing and growth of abilities and information that empower an expert to development or develop in the field of his or her decision. This can take the manifestation of instructive or scholastic courses, proficient affirmation and preparing, or commonsense, at work experience. In the field of mechanical building, one of the keys to career development is affirmation , a transportable impression of the way that a distinctive has accomplished a certain aptitude level. Performance appraisal & career development incorporates the territory of career development, which is an amazingly fascinating and essential region of word related brain research and one which offers an extraordinary arrangement of work fulfillment. Career development and performance appraisal might be more serious for associations and their employees when every framework draws on the quality of the other – the "now" introduction of performance appraisal and "what's to come" introduction of career development. To fulfill this commonly fortifying process, the two frameworks must be seen as helping the same objective – talent

Randomised clinical trials Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Randomised clinical trials - Essay Example The critical resource of D G Altman's "Practical Statistics for Medical Research" was also available at Google Books. Various search terminologies were used which include "Evolution/History/Review of Clinical Trials", "Ethical issues of clinical trials", "Nazi medical war crimes", "Nuremberg/Helsinki/Belmont" codes. Formulae for the sample size calculations were also accessed from journal publications and some power point presentation slides which have been cited and calculations were performed manually. Owing to the practical significance of implications of therapeutic interventions for patients, historians have shown an active interest in the charting out of evolution of clinical trials. Histories of clinical trials have been recorded and they have analysed the development of quantification in therapeutic evaluation, the emergence of probabilistic thinking, the application of statistical methods and theory and the sociology, ethics and politics of clinical trials as succinctly summarized by Chalmers (1) in 2001. The basic concept behind the modern day clinical trial is not a new one. In fact, the earliest recorded reference to something resembling a clinical trial can be found in none other than the Bible. The extract, which is found in the Book of Daniel, describes the efforts of the Babylonian king, Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562 BCE), to compare his recommended diet, consisting of meat and wine, with one of legumes and water over a 10 day period. At the end of the trial the king noted that those on the legumes and water diet were fitter than those who had been fed meat and wine and switched the latter to legumes as well. Inclusion of blinding and placebos to reduce observer biases comprise an important factor in planning an effective RCT. Records of these point out to as early as eighteen century when Dr.Benjamin Franklin was appointed by King of France in the Royal Commission to judge the authenticity of "Animal Magnetism" which alleged that sicknesses were caused by some apparent "obstacle" in the flow of body fluids and could be removed by the touch of a physicians finger or by pointing an iron rod. In a retort to the small percentage of success, Franklin replied, " the Spirits given by the Hope of Success them to exert more Strength in moving their Limbs " Clearly, Franklin was aware of what we now call 'the placebo effect' as described by Huth (2) in 2006 Further, Booth (3) in his book in 2005 documented the role of Physician John Haygarth in 1810-1820 attacked the widespread quack of Perkinism which involved "redirecting the natural body electricity" by using bi-material rods and was the first physician to carry out a single blind clinical trial using a placebo. May it be the instance of the challenge put forth by Flemish physician Jean Baptist Von Helmont of ensuring that like is compared with like in the case of people suffering from fevers, pleurisies without bloodletting in the 1700's or Amberson flipping a coin for unbiased allocation for assigning treatment in the Tuberculosis trial in 1938; medical practitioners have considered the ethical aspects of fair allocation and avoidance of undue advantage since a long time now. Unbiased comparison groups according to Chalmers (1) in those times would result either from "schedules (coin tosses, selection of different coloured beads from an urn, reference to

An introduction and conclusion for literature review in finance Essay

An introduction and conclusion for literature review in finance (preparing for my dissertation) - Essay Example USA Petrochemical Industry Despite of the rise in the global demand for the petrochemical products, the USA petrochemical industry is facing increasing competition in the petrochemical export market. With supply of the natural gas by using the comprehensive pipe line system to both receive the raw materials as well as to deliver the finished products. So, it is expected that the US petrochemical industry would revive sooner than the other competitors. Furthermore, economic trade group such as NAFTA would contribute further to its growth. Political & Legal Factors The petrochemical industry in USA is governed by several laws and regulations. The hazardous materials transportation act and the pollution prevention act are significant among these. According to the first act, the Department of Transportation gets the authority to control the transportation of such materials including the petrochemicals. Furthermore, the USA government has become increasingly active and concerned about the safety and environmental areas for this petrochemical transportation.

Effectiveness of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes Literature review

Effectiveness of self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes mellitus - Literature review Example The conclusion from this review states that there are both positive and negative aspects with regards to the effectiveness of SMBG. Hence, the inquiry regarding SMBG effectiveness still remains fully unanswered. Therefore, this research review recommends that further studies be conducted which will explore all the aspects of SMBG utilization since most of the papers only focused on a few elements of SMBG use. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Diabetes Mellitus is a progressive metabolic disorder which influences a growing number of people—the worldwide elevation in numbers of adults with diabetes has been predicted at 122%, from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in 2025 (Feinglos and Bethel, 2008). In addition, it is a common, costly medical condition often related with significant morbidity and mortality (Schilling McCann, 2007). There are several types of diabetes mellitus and these include: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Me llitus brought about by pregnancy. This paper will only focus specifically on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a worldwide health crisis as stressed by Feinglos and Bethel (2008); it is previously termed as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM (Schilling McCann, 2007). It is also labelled as adult-onset diabetes for the reason that is typically or frequently linked with older age, commonly after age 40; in this medical condition, insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects is evident (Schilling McCann, 2007). Diabetes Mellitus in general can be affected by a variety of factors which may or may not be modifiable. The factors that cannot be altered include age, family history and genetics (Schilling McCann, 2007). On the contrary, the... The main purpose of the research is to present Diabetes Mellitus as a progressive metabolic disorder which influences a growing number of people—the worldwide elevation in numbers of adults with diabetes has been predicted at 122%, from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million in 2025. In addition, it is a common, costly medical condition often related with significant morbidity and mortality. There are several types of diabetes mellitus and these include: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetes Mellitus brought about by pregnancy. This paper will only focus specifically on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a worldwide health crisis as stressed by Feinglos and Bethel; it is previously termed as non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus or NIDDM. It is also labelled as adult-onset diabetes for the reason that is typically or frequently linked with older age, commonly after age 40; in this medical condition, insulin resistance with varying degrees of insulin secretory defects is evident. Diabetes Mellitus in general can be affected by a variety of factors which may or may not be modifiable. The factors that cannot be altered include age, family history and genetics. On the contrary, the modifiable factors of diabetes mellitus are diet, lifestyle and exercise. There are different methods that could be beneficial in the treatment and management of diabetes.

The Strengths and Limitations of the Universalist and the Contingency Essay

The Strengths and Limitations of the Universalist and the Contingency Approaches to HR Strategy - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that every organization has certain vision mission, vision, goals, and objectives. The vision and mission of the organization are attained with the help of the organization's goals or objectives. The vision and the mission statement the ultimate reason for the survival of the organization. Thus the objectives and goal which are decided after considering the mission and objective of the organization are utmost important. Goal attainment is very important for the survival and the growth of the organization. To attain the goals of the organization the management takes various types of strategies. These strategies are implemented at the various level of the organization. The managerial strategies ranges consist of various corporate-level strategies, business level strategies and the last but not the least the human resources strategies. Human resource is a very important and vital aspect of the organization. It is the human resources which ulti mately implement the entire plan into action and drive the organization to achieve the goals of the organization. Strategic human resource management is a vital part of organizational management. Management uses various manage the human resource efficiently and effectively. The different activities under human resource strategies are aimed at various actions at policies which can influence human resource management. The process of managing human resource includes the hiring of the efficient and quality candidates, designing jobs, job description, job allocation, other human resource policies etc. All theses process directly affects the overall performance of the organization. The two important approaches to human resource strategy are Universalist and Contingency approaches.

Minor capacity judgement Essay Example for Free

Minor capacity judgement Essay Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Mohori Bibee and another Vs. Dharmodas Ghose Options Dock Print PDF Court :  Kolkata Reported in :  (1903)30IndianAppeals114 Judge :  Lord Macnaghten; Lord Davey; Lord Lindley; Sir Ford North; Sir Andrew Scoble; Sir Andrew Wilson, JJ. Decided On :  Mar-04-1903 Acts :  Indian Evidence Act, 1877 Section 115; Indian Contract Act Sections 41, 19, 64, 65 Appellant :  Mohori Bibee and another Respondent :  Dharmodas Ghose Advocate for Respondent :  W. W. Box, Adv. Advocate for Appellant :  Watkins; Lempriere, Advs. Judgment: SIR FORD NORTH, J. On July 20, 1895, the respondent, Dhurmodas Ghose, executed a mortgage in favour of Brahmo Dutt, a money-lender carrying on business at Calcutta and elsewhere, to secure the repayment of Rs. 20,000 at 12 per cent. interest on some houses belonging to the respondent. The amount actually advanced is in dispute. At that time the respondent was an infant; and he did not attain twenty-one until the month of September following. Throughout the transaction Brahmo Dutt was absent from Calcutta, and the whole business was carried through for him by his attorney, Kedar Nath Mitter, the money being found by Dedraj, the local manager of Brahmo Dutt. While considering the proposed advance, Kedar Nath received information that the respondent was still a minor; and on July 15, 1895, the following letter was written and sent to him by Bhupendra Nath Bose, an attorney:— â€Å"Dear Sir,—I am instructed by S. M. Jogendranundinee Dasi, the mother and guardian appointed by the High Court under its letters patent of the person and property of Babu Dhurmodas Ghose, that a mortgage of the properties of the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is being prepared from your office. I am instructed to give you notice, which I hereby do, that the said Babu Dhurmodas Ghose is still an infant under the age of twenty-one, and any one lending money to him will do so at his own risk and peril. † Kedar Nath positively denied the receipt of any such letter; but the Court of first instance and the Appellate Court both held that he did personally receive it on July 15; and the evidence is conclusive upon the point. On the day on which the mortgage was executed, Kedar Nath got the infant to sign a long declaration, which, he had prepared for him, containing a statement that he came of age on June 17; and that Babu Dedraj and Brahmo Dutt, relying on his assurance that he had attained his majority, had agreed to advance to him Rs. 0,000. There is conflicting evidence as to the time when and circumstances under which that declaration was obtained; but it is unnecessary to go into this, as both Courts below have held that Kedar Nath did not act upon, and was not misled by, that statement, and was fully aware at the time the mortgage was executed of the minority of the respondent. It may be added here that Kedar Nath was the attorney and agent of Brahmo Dutt, and says in his evidence that he got the declaration for the greater security of his â€Å"client. † The infant had not any separate legal adviser. On September 10, 1895, the infant, by his mother and guardian as next friend, commenced this action against Brahmo Dutt, stating that he was under age when he executed the mortgage, and praying for a declaration that it was void and inoperative, and should be delivered up to be cancelled. The defendant, Brahmo Dutt, put in a defence that the plaintiff was of full age when he executed the mortgage; that neither he nor Kedar Nath had any notice that the plaintiff was then an infant; that, even if he was a minor, the declaration as to his age was fraudulently made to deceive the defendant, and disentitled the plaintiff to any relief; and that in any case the Court should not grant the plaintiff any relief without making him repay the moneys advanced. By a further statement the defendant alleged that the plaintiff had ubsequently ratified the mortgage; but this case wholly failed, and is not the subject of appeal. Jenkins J. , who presided in the Court of first instance, found the facts as above stated, and granted the relief asked. And the Appellate Court dismissed the appeal from him. Subsequently to the institution of the present appeal Brahmo Dutt died, and this appeal has been prosecuted by his executors. The first of the appellants reasons in support of the present appeal is that the Courts below were wrong in holding that the knowledge of Kedar Nath must be imputed to the defendant. In their Lordships opinion they were obviously right. The defendant was absent from Calcutta, and personally did not take any part in the transaction. It was entirely in charge of Kedar Nath, whose full authority to act as he did is not disputed. He stood in the place of the defendant for the purposes of this mortgage; and his acts and knowledge were the acts and knowledge of his principal. It was contended that Dedraj, the defendants gomastha, was the real representative in Calcutta of the defendant, and that he had no knowledge of the plaintiffs minority. But there is nothing in this. He no doubt made the advance out of the defendants funds. But he says in his evidence that â€Å"Kedar Babu was acting on behalf of my master from the beginning in this matter†; and a little further on he adds that before the registration of the mortgage he did not communicate with his master on the subject of the minority. But he did know that there was a question raised as to the plaintiffs age; and he says, â€Å"I left all matters regarding the minority in the hands of Kedar Babu. † The appellants counsel contended that the plaintiff is estopped by s. 115 of the Indian Evidence Act (I. f 1872) from setting up that he was an infant when he executed the mortgage. The section is as follows: â€Å"Estoppel. When one person has by his declaration act or omission intentionally caused or permitted another person to believe a thing to be true, and to act upon such belief, neither he nor his representative shall be allowed in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative to deny the truth of that thing. † The Courts below seem to have decided that this section does not apply to infants; but their Lordships do not think it necessary to deal with that question now. They consider it clear that the section does not apply to a case like the present, where the statement relied upon is made to a person who knows the real facts and is not misled by the untrue statement. There can be no estoppel where the truth of the matter is known to both parties, and their Lordships hold, in accordance with English authorities, that a false representation, made to a person who knows it to be false, is not such a fraud as to take away the privilege of infancy: Nelson v. Stocker. 0 The same principle is recognised in the explanation to s. 19 of the Indian Contract Act, in which it is said that a fraud or misrepresentation which did not cause the consent to a contract of the party on whom such fraud was practised, or to whom such misrepresentation was made, does not render a contract voidable. The point most pressed, however, on behalf of the appellants was that the Courts ought not to have decreed in the respondents favour without ordering him to repay to the appell ants the sum of Rs. 0,500, said to have been paid to him as part of the consideration for the mortgage. And in support of this contention s. 64 of the Contract Act (IX. of 1872) was relied on:— â€Å"Sect. 64. When a person at whose option a contract is voidable rescinds it, the other party thereto need not perform any promise therein contained of which he is promisor. The party rescinding a voidable contract shall, if he have received any benefit thereunder from another party to such contract, restore such benefit, so far as may be, to the person from whom it was received.    Both Courts below held that they were bound by authority to treat the contracts of infants as voidable only, and not void; but that this section only refers to contracts made by persons competent to contract, and therefore not to infants. The general current of decision in India certainly is that ever since the passing of the Indian Contract Act (IX, of 1872) the contracts of infants are voidable onl y. This conclusion, however, has not been arrived at without vigorous protests by various judges from time to time; nor indeed without decisions to the contrary effect. Under these circumstances, their Lordships consider themselves at liberty to act on their own view of the law as declared by the Contract Act, and they have thought it right to have the case reargued before them upon this point. They do not consider it necessary to examine in detail the numerous decisions above referred to, as in their opinion the whole question turns upon what is the true construction of the Contract Act itself. It is necessary, therefore, to consider carefully the terms of that Act; but before doing so it may be convenient to refer to the Transfer of Property Act (IV of 1882), s. of which provides that every person competent to contract and entitled to transferable property. . . . is competent to transfer such property. . . . in the circumstances, to the extent, and in the manner allowed and prescribed by any law for the time bring in force. That is the Act under which the present mortgage was made, and it is merely dealing with persons competent to contract; and s . 4 of that Act provides that the chapters and sections of that Act which relate to contracts are to be taken as part of the Indian Contract Act, 1872. The present case, therefore, falls within the provisions of the latter Act. Then, to turn to the Contract Act, s. 2 provides: (e) Every promise and every set of promises, forming the consideration for each other, is an agreement. (g) An agreement not enforceable by law is said to be void. (h) An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. (i) An agreement which is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties thereto, but not at the option of the other or others, is a voidable contract. Sect. 0 provides: â€Å"All agreements are contracts if they are made by the free consent of parties competent to contract for a lawful consideration and with a lawful object, and are not hereby expressly declared to be void. † Then s. 11 is most important, as defining who are meant by â€Å"persons competent to contract†; it is as follows; â€Å"Every person is competent to contract who is of the age of majority according to the law to which he is subject, and who is o f sound mind, and is not disqualified from contracting by any law to which he is subject. † Looking at these sections, their Lordships are atisfied that the Act makes it essential that all contracting parties should be â€Å"competent to contract,† and expressly provides that a person who by reason of infancy is incompetent to contract cannot make a contract within the meaning of the Act. This is clearly borne out by later sections in the Act. Sect. 68 provides that, â€Å"If a person incapable of entering into a contract, or any one whom he is legally bound to support, is supplied by another person with necessaries suited to his condition in life, the person who has furnished such supplies is entitled to be reimbursed from the property of such incapable person. It is beyond question that an infant falls within the class of persons here referred to as incapable of entering into a contract; and it is clear from the Act that he is not to be liable even for necessaries, a nd that no demand in respect thereof is enforceable against him by law, though a statutory claim is created against his property. Under ss. 183 and 184 no person under the age of majority can employ or be an agent. Again, under ss. 47 and 248, although a person under majority may be admitted to the benefits of a partnership, he cannot be made personally liable for any of its obligations; although he may on attaining majority accept those obligations if he thinks fit to do so. The question whether a contract is void or voidable presupposes the existence of a contract within the meaning of the Act, and cannot arise in the case of an infant. Their Lordships are, therefore, of opinion that in the present case there is not any such voidable contract as is dealt with in s. 64. A new point was raised here by the appellants counsel, founded on s. 5 of the Contract Act, a section not referred to in the Courts below, or in the cases of the appellants or respondent. It is sufficient to say tha t this section, like s. 64. starts from the basis of there being an agreement or contract between competent parties, and has no application to a case in which there never was, and never could have been, any contract. It was further argued that the preamble of the Act shewed that the Act was only intended to define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts, and that contracts by infants were left outside the Act. If this were so, it does not appear how it would help the appellants. But in their Lordships opinion the Act, so far as it goes, is exhaustive and imperative, and does provide in clear language that an infant is not a person competent to bind himself by a contract of this description. Another enactment relied upon as a reason why the mortgage money should be returned is s. 41 of the Specific Relief Act (I. of 1877), which is as follows: â€Å"Sect. 41. On adjudging the cancellation of an instrument the Court may require the party to whom such relief is granted to make any compensation to the other which justice may require. Sect. 38 provides in similar terms for a case of rescission of a contract. These sections, no doubt, do give a discretion to the Court; but the Court of first instance, and subsequently the Appellate Court, in the exercise of such discretion, came to the conclusion that under the circumstances of this case justice did not require them to order the return by the r espondent of money advanced to him with full knowledge of his infancy, and their Lordships see no reason for interfering with the discretion so exercised. It was also contended that one who seeks equity must do equity. But this is the last point over again, and does not require further notice except by referring to a recent decision of the Court of Appeal in Thurstan v. Nottingham Permanent Benefit Building Society21, since affirmed by the House of Lords. 22 In that case a female infant obtained from the society of which she was a member part of the purchase-money of some property she purchased; and the society also agreed to make her advances to complete certain buildings thereon. They made the advances, and took from her a mortgage for the amount. On attaining twenty-one she brought the action to have the mortgage declared void under the Infants Relief Act. The Court held that, as regards the purchase-money paid to the vendor, the society was entitled to stand in his place and had a lien upon the property, but that the mortgage must be declared void, and that the society was not entitled to any repayment of the advances. Dealing with this part of their claim Romer L. J, says23: â€Å"The short answer is that a Court of Equity cannot say that it is equitable to compel a person to pay any moneys in respect of a transaction which as against that person the Legislature has declared to be void. So here. Their Lordships observe that the construction which they have put upon the Contract Act seems to be in accordance with the old Hindu Law as declared in the laws of Menu, ch. viii. 163; and Colebrookes Dig. liii. 2, vol. ii. p. 181; although there are no doubt, decisions of some weight that before the Indian Contract Act an infants contract was voidable only in accordance with English law as it then stood. The appeal, therefore, wholly fails; and their Lordships will humbly advise His Majesty that it should be dismissed. The appellants must pay the costs of the appeal.

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay Example for Free

Market Research and Marketing Research Essay Research is the process of gathering, processing and analyzing information on markets. The scope of such research is limited to the study of markets and does not include studies on the brand or product to be marketed. Market research is a subset of marketing research. Marketing Research is the process of gathering, processing and analyzing information for the purpose of marketing a product. It includes, but is not limited to market research. Marketing research extends to other areas of marketing activity like: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Studies on consumer behavior Brand and positioning research Research on product and packaging Research on communication strategies and advertising channels and their effectiveness Studies on sales promotion strategies and effects of discounts and sales promotion strategies on customer buying and consumption habits 6. Brand perception studies 1 Difference between Qualitative vs. Quantitative 2 Importance of Marketing Research The importance of marketing research in management extends to intelligent decision making, maximizing profits, increasing the sales, minimizing the risks and ascertaining whether a new product will be profitable in a given market at a given time. What is Marketing Research? This research can be defined as the process of gathering recording and analyzing the data related to certain products and services. This need for market research is derived from the concept that only by understanding the needs and wants of the target audience and by effectively meeting them, you will be able to achieve the organizational goals and surpass the competition n the specific market. Thus, arises the need to collect data about the customers, competitors, and other forces in the marketplace. This data in turn is collected and analyzed to make relevant marketing decisions, be it in relation to setting up a business, developing a product, creating a brand or coming up with an advertising campaign. What is t he Importance of Marketing Research? To Make Marketing Decisions: This research helps the marketers to make a decision about the product or service. Sometimes a marketer might believe that the new product or service is useful for the customers. However, research may show that customers do not need a product or are meeting their needs with a certain competitor product and so on. Similarly good research strives to provide options for the successful introduction of new products and services. This makes the market entry of a new product or service less risky. Survive the Competition: Marketing research helps in ascertaining and understanding competitor information such as their identity, marketing network, customer focus and scale of operations. This helps in surviving and in certain cases, even leaving behind the competition. Moreover, with market research you can also help understand the under-served consumer segments and consumer needs that have not 3 been met. Helps to Decide Target Markets: Research helps provide customer information in terms of their location, age, buying behavior and gender. This helps the marketers zero in on the target markets and customers for their products and services. Maximize Profits: Apart from profit maximizing steps such as item optimization, customer profitability analysis, and price elasticity, marketing research allows you to find out methods that can help you maximize profits. For example, a products price elasticity research can help you ascertain the impact of an increased price on the sales and the profits of a product. This emphasis on profitability also helps the companys focus to shift from maximizing sales to increasing the profits of a company. This helps the company survive in the long run and maximize its profits. Increasing the Sales: Increasing the sales of your products or services helps a company in maximizing its profits. By understanding the customers needs, wants and attitude towards the products and determining whether your products fit the bill, marketers can increase their sales. This helps in not only increasing the sales to the target customers and people already using the product but also converting the non users into customers for the product. With an understanding of the customer, competitors, products and the overall industry needs, this research can equip the management with the power to make better decisions. However, the importance of marketing research is limited to just being a marketing tool that helps you make an informed decision. So rather than basing all your management decisions on a customer survey, use this tool as a guide and supplement it with intelligent decision making.

Development Of An Automatic Class Scheduler

Development Of An Automatic Class Scheduler Regarding the rapid growth of the number of students and the increasing number of courses offered in school, colleges and institution, the task of scheduling classes to fit into timetables and into existing facilities is becoming much more complicated. At the present time, class scheduling not only needs to fit the courses offered but also has to be performed based on many factors, such as availability and capacity of the room, cost occurred when the rooms are engaged by any courses, losses occurred when the rooms are left out, etc. Class Scheduler is an easy to use single or multi-user application for scheduling students classes. The software is ideal for schools, colleges and other institutions that must create class schedules. Class Scheduler can be used by a single teacher or by a group of students to schedule classes. The idea behind Class Scheduler is to increase the productivity of classroom administrators by automating the class scheduling process by automatically setting up course times and assigning rooms and instructors. We can view course schedule, student schedule, instructor schedule and classroom schedule online. We can also resolve clashes without effort, and preferences of staff and students action with ease and serves a clash-free and error-free timetable. It also saves time and labour. 2. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY Timetable creation for has always been an error-prone task, normally resulting in multiple iterations of creation and proof-reading. Changes desired by teaching staff, changes of course locations etc. also require an adaptation of the previously created timetables. Traditional approach to generation of timetable had great difficulties due to large search space which were created as a result of number of variables that need to be considered in such problems. Hence the objective of this project is to automatically generate time tables for the betterment of the teaching staff students. PROBLEM STATEMENT The manual system of preparing Time Table in colleges with large number of students is very time consuming and usually ends up with various class clashes either at same time or with same teacher, having more than one class at a time. These are just due to common human error which are very difficult to prevent in processes as these. To overcome these problem people usually end up making injudicious use of classrooms and labs. To overcome all these problems we propose to make an automated system. INTRODUCTION CLASS SCHEDULER is the online timetable generator for schools, colleges and any other institutions that must create class schedules. CLASS SCHEDULER offers functionality for generating timetables (for students or teachers) as well as overview timetables, i.e. all courses in a certain semester for any given degree. This study is expected to solve those problems and improve the qualitative aspects of generating schedules as follows: Shortening the time in establishing the timetables with computer assistance and better information. Easing the procedure of establishing the timetables Establishing the timetables according to maximize facilities utilization and instructors preferences. Developing an interactive computer link to facilitate data output and the interpretation of the results. DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM The project aims at developing an automated Time Table generator. The system will take various inputs like details of student, subjects, classrooms and teachers available. Depending upon these inputs it will generate a possible Time Table. Making optimal utilization of all the resources such as rooms and labs and distributing classes in a way that will best suit any of constraints or college rules. List of subjects may include elective as well as core subjects. Features: Simple Data Entry: It is quick and easy to enter information of all subjects, years (FE, SE, TE, BE), courses ( computer science, extc, bio-medical), Rooms and teachers. Automatic generation: In few minutes, the program generates a complete timetable that fulfills all your requirements. The program follows all organizational requirements such as selection for number of working days of the week, zero (attendance) period insertion. Subjects could be entered considering subject in which classroom, single or double duration consecutively, periods per week per subject. Periods could be entered with considerations of maximum number of consecutive periods per teacher. Teachers could be placed with considerations such as class should not be assigned when teacher is not free i.e ABC teacher should not be given any class on Monday. XYZ teacher should not get 1st and 2 period on all days etc. Also considering teachers getting x number of maximum periods, minimum/maximum periods per day, limit number of consecutive periods. Automatic Reports for Printing, Website: Reports for website could be generated for the following: Summary timetable for classes Summary timetable for teachers Summary timetable for rooms year wise time table Teacher wise time table All classes assigned to a teacher ( no. of periods per week bifurcations) Total number of periods subject wise Checking of total Working Hours per week details for the teachers PROCESS FLOWS ER-DIAGRAM DATA FLOW DIAGRAM Context Level Diagram Level 1 DFD CLASS SCHEDULER is a system in which automatic timetable is generated by considering various constraints in the system. It also provides the login facility. System takes the required data provided by class coordinator and performs function to generate time table. A professor logs in and can view the required time table. Professor can request for modification which is forwarded to system by coordinator system generates the alternate timetable, coordinator views the generated timetable and accepts or rejects the modification. If modification is accepted then the received timetable is stored in database. If the request is rejected then it is informed to requestor that request cannot be processed. This all activities are shown in the data flow diagram (Level 0) also called as context free diagram. Level 2 DFD INPUTS: It takes various input required by system that are professor information and various data required about that professor. It also takes input of subjects and the relevant information required. The classroom and lab information are also provided. This all data are provided by coordinator. GENERATION OF TIMETABLE: It takes the information provided by the coordinator and consider the various constraints provided. It generate professor schedule and the respective schedule is entered in the class schedule, while generating the schedule it also checks that no timeslot redundancy occur i.e; no single slot is allotted to a two or more professor. Two type of timetable is generated: class wise and professor wise, this both timetable are stored in database by this process. This stored timetable is used as and when required by the users. DISPLAY TIMETABLE Whenever user login the system it provides various option of displaying timetable. User select the required options , the request is then analyzed by the system and in accordance to the request made the required timetable is displayed. The system provides the online view of timetable. MODIFICATION After the time table is generated the provision is made to view them in various options , timetable is displayed as per the user requirement. The professor views the timetable and if required he/she request for modification. This modification request is forwarded manually to the coordinator which in turn is forwarded to the system. The system then generates the alternate timetable .this alternate timetable is then viewed by the coordinator. He then decides whether the change is propagated or the request cannot be considered. If request is not considered then it informs the requestor about it. STRUCTURE CHART DIAGRAM USE CASE DIAGRAM Display timetable Login Generate timetable Modify timetable Professor student coordinator Use cases involved in the system are: LOGIN: User logs in the system by entering user name and password. If user name or password is invalid, the system display error message. GENERATE TIMETABLE: The system generates the timetable according to the input data provided to it by considering different constraints. MODIFY TIMETABLE: The system takes the request from user and generates new timetable. DISPLAY TIMETABLE: The system displays the timetable in a format requested by the user. Actors involved in the system are: PROFESSOR: Professor views the timetable online which is generated by the system and if it is inconvenient for professor then he/she requests for modification in timetable. STUDENT: Students view and follow the timetable generated by the system. CO-ORDINATOR: It is an actor who is responsible for managing the system. 1 UC1 Login Brief Description UC1.1 This use case helps user to login to the system. Flow of Events Basic Flow UC1.2 To login in to the system: system asks the user to enter his/her login id password The user enters his/her login id password The system validates the id the password System displays the Homepage of the college Alternative Flows UC1.3 If id is wrong System displays message wrong Id UC1.4 If password is wrong System displays message wrong password Special Requirements UC1.5 At least one character must be an alphabet Preconditions UC1.6 User must be registered Post Conditions System displays the Homepage of the college 1Generate Timetable Generate Timetable UC1 Brief Description UC1.1 This use case helps coordinator to generate timetable Flow of Events Basic Flow 11111111111111111111111111111111kkkkk1. Coordinator logs in 2. System asks for input data 3. Coordinator enters data 4. System generates timetable Alternative Flows UC1.3 Incorrect data entry System cannot generate timetable, displays error message UC1.4 Insufficient availability of rooms and labs. System generates incomplete timetable, displays warning statement Special Requirements UC1.5 Professor should be available for all time slots Preconditions UC1.6 At least one professor should be assigned to a subject Post Conditions Provide various option of displaying the timetable 1Modify Timetable Modify Timetable UC1 Brief Description UC1.1 This use case helps System to modify the timetable according to feedback provided by the professor Flow of Events Basic Flow 11111111111111111111111111111111kkkkk1. Professor request for change of timings for his lectures 2. Coordinator feeds the request 3. System generates new timetable and requests Coordinator for updating 4. Coordinator approves the modified timetable 5. System revises the timetable Alternative Flows UC1.3 Coordinator rejects the modified timetable Original timetable is retained Preconditions UC1.6 Professors request should be within college time slots Post Conditions Revised timetable should be displayed 1Display Timetable Display Timetable UC1 Brief Description UC1.1 This use case helps System to display the revised timetable in various formats Flow of Events Basic Flow 11111111111111111111111111111111kkkkk1. User logs in 2. System provides option for selecting different formats of timetable 3. User selects the required option 4. System displays the timetable in requested format Alternative Flows UC1.3 Login is incorrect If login is incorrect, system displays invalid login UU Preconditions UC1.6 Timetable should exist 7. CONCLUSION This study has examined the possibility of implementing the concept of assignment of lectures for the class scheduling process. The advantage of this system is that it would be able to applied not only to similar scheduling problems and be extended to various types of problem sharing the same concept. The model has to be able to reduce the number of activities in the scheduling process.

Object Oriented and Modelling Concepts Car Parking

Object Oriented and Modelling Concepts Car Parking Akila Kanishka Gangodage   At the present time parking is the major requirement of the people. And also there are limited spaces to park vehicles in the city area. Therefore car park systems should have proper management system to control the day to day activities. Peoples time is very valuable their time cant be wasted. People cant spend lot of time in the car park to park their vehicles. Traditional car parking systems are mainly best on human. That kind of systems use human to control activities of the car park, as example collect the money, generate the tickets, check the remaining space etc. But to do all these activities are taken lot of time and it is not efficient process and also this type of systems are no longer applicable for the modern society. Modern systems are using computers and software systems to manage and control the activities of the car park which can be interact by people time to time According to fact which are discuss above, a car park need a proper system that can manage and control all the day to day activities of car park efficiently Generate tickets. System should have generate two type of tickets. For ordinary customer and season customer. Season tickets should be issued to defined individual or company, a ticket need to be included contact number address and each season ticket should be valid for the given time period and issue date and expiry date should be display on the ticket. Ordinary tickets should be issued time period at the car park. Accept tickets. For the ordinary customers, if car park is full, no tickets should be issued. Each and every ordinary customers ticket should have bar code on it. When ordinary customer is leaving the dates or time should be the same, if not the ticket is ejected. For the season ticket holder, a check is made that the season ticket is valid for this car park and has not expired. Season ticket holder should not be recorded as having already entered this car park and not left. When the car park is full, tickets should not be issued from the control pillar. Handle payment. Payment can only be card (Master/Visa/Debt) or cash (50c, 1$, 2$, 5$, 10$, 20$, 50$). For ordinary customer, according the duration of the stay in the car park charge should be calculated and displayed. System should identify the notes and coins which are inserted by customer and the value added to an accumulated amount. When that amount exceed the charge, the ticket should be validated. And also change should be given accordingly. Invalid notes and coins can be identified and returned back to the customer. Control boom gates. The barrier should be raised, after the customer pull the ticket from the control pillar. Car should be detected by the sensor on the other side of the barrier when it has passed then barrier should be lowered. When the customer reach the exit barrier should be detected by a sensor and then the control pillar should allow the customer to check the ticket and after complete the payment the barrier should be raised. If this process consume more than fifteen minutes, the attendant can view the details of the ticket on his computer and should be able to control the barrier Record problem in a log book. If there any fault of equipment or any other aspect of the operational system the maintenance company must be notified straight away. The system should be able to generate static report of all faults. Manage security. The security guard should be able to put his or her card into card reader and arrival date and time should be recorded. Leave time also should be recorded as the same. The system should be able to handle one or more security companies. Hardware resources. Computer Boom gates Ticket scanner Printer Security camera Sensor Software resources. Windows Operating System. Need a user friendly and lightweight operating system for the computers for manage all other software. Browser. Since the developed system is interacted with web the computers require browser in order to use it. Database. System require a central database to store and process all the data. Barcode reader software. By using this software the system can identify each and every barcodes which are on the ticket. Payments handling software. Using this software system can detect and identify the notes and coins get the accumulated amount. Financial resources. The City Administration is fund for the project. Human resource. Most of the activities of the car park is done by the system itself but to be the complete system the car park system need human interaction. So system need to at least 10 peoples to proceed, Five peoples for the IT department. Three developers, one Tech Lead and one Project Manager Three peoples from the client company. Tow from the security company and one from the maintenance company One investor User There are some possible risks that can be happened while this car park system is using. Natural disaster. The significant increase in disasters of a natural and/or technological origin seen today has serious consequences for CI, the population, the environment, and the economy. These consequences have been exacerbated by the development of sociotechnical systems such as transport networks and industrial plants, their interdependencies, and their sensitivity to major hazardous events. (Farid kadri, Babiga birregah Eric chatelet, 2014). Natural disaster like Earth quick, flood, fire, and tornado can be done major impact for the hardware, software and human resources of the system. As an example when Earth quick happened it can be effected for the hardware devices like CTTV camera, boom gates control pillar, computer etc. and also it can be harm people and vehicles in the car park. Hardware failure. Hardware failures are permanent failures that occur over a period of time (Asim kadav, Matthew j renzelmann Michael m swift, 2009). Hardware devices can fail, but many systems assume they do not. When confronted with real devices that misbehave, these assumptions can lead to driver or system failures (Roozbeh bakhshi, Surya kunche Michael pecht, 2013). For an example if a boom gate will not work, cars cant enter the car park. Software failure. Sometime software need to be updated for work with the new technologies Database crash. Valuable data can be lost because of database crash Electricity failure. This kind of systems are mainly depend on electricity. So electricity failure is major risk that this system have to face. Lack of trained employee. Sometime it can be hard to fine trained employee to work with the car parking system. Propose outcome of this project is, that provide the efficient and effective car parking system for the people and avoiding unnecessary time wasting at the car park. And also this car parking system is very simple to control and manage and regulate for the city administration and can get higher business value in the city area. By introducing this new car parking system with new technology can gain lots of benefits for the company. Since parking is becoming a major requirement of people who come to the city for office, busyness, studies, work, shopping and hospital etc. this kind of efficient parking system can get high demand rather than other car parking system. Maintaining the parking system is becoming easier. Because of any fault of equipment can be notified by the system for the Maintenance Company. Another main benefit of car parking system is can operate with low manpower because of most of the activities of car park can be managed by the system itself therefor company can save lot of money Safety and security of drivers and cars are very high because system has security management system itself. Therefor company can earn customers trust and can have regular customer base. Another benefit of this system is system can keep the record easily in database and use them any way company want. Company use record for security purpose, financial purpose and maintain the statistic. Using this kind of car parking system the City Administration can have maximum utilization of space in city area. References Asim kadav, Matthew j renzelmann Michael m swift.(2009). Tolerating Hardware Device Failures in Software. University of Wisconsin-Madison : . Roozbeh bakhshi, Surya kunche Michael pecht.(2013). Intermittent Failures in Hardware and Software. University of Maryland: . Farid kadri, Babiga birregah Eric chatelet. (2014). The Impact of Natural Disasters on Critical Infrastructures: A Domino Effect-based Study. Retrieved 16 March, 2017, from https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2012-0077